Computer mouse - Wikipedia. A computer mouse with the most common features: two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel, which can also act as a third button. A computer mouse is a pointing device (hand control) that detects two- dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with one or more buttons. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and . The plural of a computer mouse is . Licklider's . Benjamin was then working for the British Royal Navy Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick. Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented what they called a . Taylor was part of the original Ferranti Canada, working on the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support. The earliest known publication of the term mouse as referring to a computer pointing device is in Bill English's July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided. Even more » Account Options. Sign in; Search settings. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A digital computer calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using pulse- code modulation radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian five- pin bowling ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, Nov. Patent 3,5. 41,5. Ball and wheel by Rider, Sept. Patent 3,8. 35,4. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, Oct. Patent 3,9. 87,6. Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) has been credited in published books by Thierry Bardini. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2. That November, while attending a conference on computer graphics in Reno, Nevada, Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt the underlying principles of the planimeter to X- Y coordinate input. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers. It was based on an earlier trackball- like device (also named Rollkugel) that was embedded into radar flight control desks. This trackball had been developed by a team led by Rainer Mallebrein at Telefunken Konstanz for the German Bundesanstalt f. Together with light pens and trackballs, it was offered as an optional input device for their system since 1. Some Rollkugel mouses installed at the Leibniz- Rechenzentrum in Munich in 1. The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the Xerox 8. Star in 1. 98. 1. By 1. 98. 2 the Xerox 8. The Sun- 1 also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming Apple Lisa was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold lab mice. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that . Microsoft's mouse shipped in 1. Microsoft Hardware division of the company. The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer. The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor hovers this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window. Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI. Triple clicks are far less common in traditional navigation. Right- click: clicking the secondary button, or clicking with two fingers. Rocker navigation).
This is often not necessary, because acceleration software detects fast movement, and moves the pointer significantly faster in proportion than for slow mouse motion. Multi- touch: this method is similar to a multi- touch trackpad on a laptop with support for tap input for multiple fingers, the most famous example being the Apple Magic Mouse. Mouse gestures. For example, in a drawing program, moving the mouse in a rapid . However, a few gestural conventions have become widespread, including the drag and drop gesture, in which: The user presses the mouse button while the mouse cursor hovers over an interface object. The user moves the cursor to a different location while holding the button down. The user releases the mouse button. For example, a user might drag- and- drop a picture representing a file onto a picture of a trash can, thus instructing the system to delete the file. Standard semantic gestures include: Specific uses. In interactive three- dimensional graphics, the mouse's motion often translates directly into changes in the virtual objects' or camera's orientation. For example, in the first- person shooter genre of games (see below), players usually employ the mouse to control the direction in which the virtual player's . A related function makes an image of an object rotate, so that all sides can be examined. D design and animation software often modally chords many different combinations to allow objects and cameras to be rotated and moved through space with the few axes of movement mice can detect. When mice have more than one button, the software may assign different functions to each button. Often, the primary (leftmost in a right- handed configuration) button on the mouse will select items, and the secondary (rightmost in a right- handed) button will bring up a menu of alternative actions applicable to that item. For example, on platforms with more than one button, the Mozilla web browser will follow a link in response to a primary button click, will bring up a contextual menu of alternative actions for that link in response to a secondary- button click, and will often open the link in a new tab or window in response to a click with the tertiary (middle) mouse button. Variants. Bill English, builder of Engelbart's original mouse. It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer. Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball. This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted trackball and became the predominant form used with personal computers throughout the 1. The Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full- size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required. The scroll wheel is gray, to the right of the ball. The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. These are located 9. One roller detects the forward–backward motion of the mouse and other the left–right motion. Opposite the two rollers is a third one (white, in the photo, at 4. Each roller is on the same shaft as an encoder wheel that has slotted edges; the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that represent wheel movement. Each wheel's disc has a pair of light beams, located so that a given beam becomes interrupted or again starts to pass light freely when the other beam of the pair is about halfway between changes. Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is rotating. This incremental rotary encoder scheme is sometimes called quadrature encoding of the wheel rotation, as the two optical sensors produce signals that are in approximately quadrature phase. The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via the mouse cable, directly as logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice, and via a data- formatting IC in modern mice. The driver software in the system converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the computer screen. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1. Key Tronic later produced a similar product. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent (laser) light. The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre- printed mousepad surfaces, whereas the modern LED optical mouse works on most opaque diffuse surfaces; it is usually unable to detect movement on specular surfaces like polished stone. Laser diodes are also used for better resolution and precision, improving performance on opaque specular surfaces. Battery powered, wireless optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power, and only glow steadily when movement is detected. Inertial and gyroscopic mice. The most common models (manufactured by Logitech and Gyration) work using 2 degrees of rotational freedom and are insensitive to spatial translation. The user requires only small wrist rotations to move the cursor, reducing user fatigue or . A patent for an inertial mouse claims that such mice consume less power than optically based mice, and offer increased sensitivity, reduced weight and increased ease- of- use. Probably the best known example would be 3. Dconnexion/Logitech's Space. Mouse from the early 1. In the late 1. 99. Kantek introduced the 3. D Ring. Mouse. This wireless mouse was worn on a ring around a finger, which enabled the thumb to access three buttons. The mouse was tracked in three dimensions by a base station.
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